Not sure why answering that should be considered problematic or some kind of challenge?
I think there were a combination of factors, some of which I could support with links, others are supposition on my part.
Main drivers:
Hamas were becoming decreasingly relevant in the struggle against Israel particularly, and the world in general. That was partly a result of the Palestinians not having a single united voice thanks to their failure to eliminate the PLO and Palestinian Authority in the West Bank, partly due to major world events like the war in Ukraine. Another suicide bomber, another shooting, it all wasnât a big deal any more.
Following on, eyes were elsewhere, and terrorism needs the oxygen of attention to thrive and succeed. In order to be noticed they had to commit an act of such utter barbarity that it would be more significant than a war in Europe involving a former superpower.
Hamas didnât really believe Israel would do what they did as extensively and comprehensively as they have. To me, the evidence is that they werenât sufficiently prepared for Israelâs onslaught, and even though they had an extensive network of underground facilities they were quite unable to effectively resist. Not only that, but the hostages they took offered no effective protection, and they werenât prepared to start killing hostages in order to stop Israel. As we have observed they are unhesitatingly brutal, and would, I am sure, have used the hostages much more effectively and expendably if they had really thought Israel would attack as they did. After the first few days their ability to coordinate and plan seemed to effectively disappear.
Hamas expected the world to step in and stop a genocide event, rather than covertly continue supplying arms and support.
Israel already had a long history brutality and oppression to the Palestinian people, and there was enormous resentment and hatred for how they had been treated. It wasnât just a publicity stunt, but rather a venting of feelings and finally a chance to really hurt the hated oppressor. Revenge is a strong and all-consuming driver that can make people disregard what their acts may cost them later.
The lives of Palestinian âmartyrsâ are expendable on the âpath to victoryâ.
Other, possibly tenuous reasons:
World circumstances were enabling. Russia wanted a distraction from Ukraine, Iran wanted a chance to hit Israel, North Korea might have seen it as a chance to hit an American ally: there may have been quiet encouragement, intel, materiel provided, other resources including possibly finance.
The Israeli right wanted an event like this to happen that would allow them to finish the Palestinian problem in an ultimate solution. To that end they did not raid the build-up of materiel (what would Palestinians want with hang gliders in Gaza city for heavens sake???) or the training runs that were reported as having been visibly performed in front of Israeli surveillance. This may have given an expectation that the all-seeing all-knowing Israeli forces were becoming weak and complacent, and that it would be a walk-over (as it was at the time).
Multiple groups were involved in the attack, and not just Hamas: Islamic Jihad is one I remember, but I think there may have been others mentioned. Some of these groups took hostages and held them separately. There may have been a degree of one group trying to out-extreme then other without counting the cost when planning AND executing the attack - mass rape? Really?
Thereâs probably additional things that Iâve forgotten to add, but thatâs enough.