The analogy is simple: A sledgehammer is a crude, destructive tool. A Trombe wall on a period facade is a crude, destructive architectural choice.
To answer your technical confusion, You’re thinking in terms of air temperature (convection). I’m working with thermal mass (Radiance). A 50cm stone wall has a phase shift of about 10–12 hours. By the time the cold outside reaches the inner face, the sun is already back up. My system doesn’t counter the cold outside; it uses the wall’s internal caloric storage. 
Why don’t we see Trombe walls on every 1900s house? Because the ROI is negative when you factor in the cost of the structural glass, the maintenance of the vents, and the fact that it makes the house look like a laboratory. I’m optimizing a 1912 asset, not building a prototype for a 1970s commune. But I’ll let the Technical Ledger explain the math. It’s more precise than words.