Deer do two things - strip the bark and also use the trunks to rub their antlers against.
I have to put stakes (usually 3 is enough, sometimes 4 if the tree is bushy) round every single one of our young trees and then I wrap chicken wire fencing round the stakes and staple it to the stakes. I leave plenty of space so the tree can grow. I choose 1.5 m high fencing
To me all three look like a canker of one sort or another. Feed the trees, and make sure they are watered as necessary this year and cross your fingers that these wounds heal. Don’t follow the advice of some ro paint over them, that will just make it worse. You can spray with bordeaux mixture to stop the canker spreading to other trees,
The tree in the second photo, if the canker hasn’t spread all round I’d pair back the bark and cambium layer with a sharp knife to healthy wood, then cover with grafting wax or you can use Vaseline.
The willow I’d cut the branch and seal the cut with Vaseline. Rap with hessian not too tightly and take off in the Autumn.
Have you had any friends / family round with kids with pen knives?
That’s the idea to seal the wound to stop further infection after pairing back to healthy wood, if the canker isn’t too far advanced the cambium will grow back and crack the wax just like grafting.
I don’t hold much hope for the second tree, hopefully it can be saved.